What is ADHD?

What is ADHD?  ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can interfere with daily functioning, learning, and social relationships.

There are three main subtypes of ADHD:

1 – Predominantly Inattentive Presentation:

Individuals with this subtype have difficulty sustaining attention, following through on tasks, and organizing activities. They often make careless mistakes, have trouble listening, and seem forgetful in daily

activities.  Signs of Inattention:

– Difficulty in sustaining attention in tasks or activities, such as schoolwork or conversations.

– Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities.

– Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.

– Avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental effort.

– Often losing items necessary for tasks and activities.

– Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.

– Forgetfulness in daily activities.

2 – Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:

This subtype is marked by hyperactivity and impulsivity without significant inattention. People with this subtype may have difficulty sitting still, waiting their turn, and blurting out answers or interrupting others. Signs of Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:

– Fidgeting, tapping hands or feet, or restlessness in situations where it is inappropriate.

– Inability to stay seated when expected to do so.

– Running or climbing in inappropriate situations.

– Inability to play or engage in activities quietly.

– Talking excessively.

– Often blurting out answers before questions have been completed.

– Difficulty waiting for one’s turn in conversations or games.

3 – Combined Presentation:

This is the most common subtype and includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

What causes ADHD?

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors.  In addition to genetics, scientists are studying other possible causes and risk factors including:

• Brain injury
• Exposure to environmental risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age
• Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy
• Premature delivery
• Low birth weight

How is ADHD treated?

While there is no cure for ADHD, it can be effectively managed with a combination of interventions, which may include:

– Medications: Stimulant and non-stimulant medications can help reduce symptoms and improve attention and impulse control.

– Behavioral therapy: This can include strategies to help individuals with ADHD manage their behaviors, develop organizational skills, and improve their coping mechanisms.

– Psychoeducation: Educating individuals and their families about ADHD helps them better understand the condition and develop strategies for managing its challenges.

ADHD can have a significant impact on a person’s life, affecting academic and occupational performance, relationships, and self-esteem. ADHD is a lifelong condition, but with appropriate treatment and support, individuals with ADHD can lead successful and fulfilling lives. It’s important to note that while ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in childhood, it can persist into adulthood, and many adults may not receive a diagnosis until later in life. Early recognition and intervention are essential for managing the condition effectively. Diagnosis and treatment should be carried out by healthcare professionals with expertise in ADHD.